Autonomous Driving

Robotaxis

Companies building or operating driverless ride-hailing fleets, from dedicated robotaxi operators to platform partners.

Waymo (Alphabet) logo

Waymo (Alphabet)

Operates Waymo, the largest commercial robotaxi service in the U.S.

Baidu Apollo logo

Baidu Apollo

Runs Apollo Go, China's largest robotaxi fleet across 10+ cities.

Tesla FSD logo

Tesla Robotaxi

Developing the Cybercab robotaxi and unsupervised FSD for its existing fleet.

Pony.ai logo

Pony.ai

Deploys L4 robotaxis in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Guangzhou.

Zoox (Amazon) logo

Zoox (Amazon)

Building Zoox, a purpose-built bidirectional robotaxi with no steering wheel.

Cruise (GM) logo

Cruise (GM)

Restructuring Cruise from public robotaxis toward supervised autonomy in GM vehicles.

Uber logo

Uber

Partnering with Waymo and Aurora to deploy robotaxis on its rideshare network.

DiDi logo

DiDi

Testing driverless vehicles in Shanghai to integrate AVs into its rideshare fleet.

ADAS / Consumer

Consumer-facing driver-assistance systems sold in production vehicles — from highway autopilot to city-level navigation.

Tesla FSD logo

Tesla FSD

Deploys vision-only FSD across 6M+ vehicles with the largest real-world driving dataset.

Mobileye logo

Mobileye

Supplies ADAS vision chips to 50+ automakers, powering 150M+ vehicles worldwide.

Intel (Mobileye parent) logo

Intel (Mobileye parent)

Parent of Mobileye, providing manufacturing and strategic resources for ADAS development.

XPeng logo

XPeng

Offers XNGP, one of China's most advanced city-level autonomous navigation systems.

NIO logo

NIO

Develops the NAD system with highway and city navigation for its premium EV lineup.

Li Auto logo

Li Auto

Deploys NOA across its SUV lineup, making city-level autonomy standard on all models.

BYD logo

BYD

Democratizing ADAS through in-house development and partnerships with Huawei and Momenta.

Lucid logo

Lucid

Ships DreamDrive with 32 sensors including lidar, exploring robotaxi licensing.

Trucking & Logistics

Autonomous technology targeting freight corridors, last-mile delivery, and commercial fleet autonomy.

Aurora logo

Aurora

Building the Aurora Driver for autonomous trucking on U.S. freight corridors with PACCAR.

Waymo (Alphabet) logo

Waymo (Alphabet)

Expanding Waymo Via for autonomous freight and last-mile delivery applications.

WeRide logo

WeRide

Deploying L4 autonomy across minibuses, street sweepers, and logistics vehicles in 30+ cities.

Tesla FSD logo

Tesla Semi

Building the Semi with full FSD hardware — positioned to enter autonomous freight with its vision-based self-driving stack.

Hardware & Software

The compute chips, lidar sensors, and software platforms that power autonomous driving — from silicon to full-stack solutions.

Tesla FSD logo

Tesla FSD

Designs custom FSD chips and inference hardware in-house, paired with its own vision-only software stack.

NVIDIA logo

NVIDIA

Designs the DRIVE Orin and Thor chips — the dominant high-performance compute for AV stacks.

Mobileye logo

Mobileye

Supplies EyeQ vision processors to 50+ automakers, powering 150M+ vehicles with ADAS.

Qualcomm logo

Qualcomm

Develops Snapdragon Ride SoCs combining ADAS, cockpit, and connectivity on a single chip.

Luminar logo

Luminar

Ships Iris lidar for highway-speed autonomy in Volvo, Mercedes, and Polestar production vehicles.

Hesai logo

Hesai

China's largest lidar maker, shipping AT128 and FT120 sensors to robotaxi fleets and automakers.

Aptiv logo

Aptiv

Tier-1 supplier providing wiring, radar, cameras, and ADAS integration to global OEMs.

Continental logo

Continental

Manufactures automotive radar, cameras, and ADAS ECUs at scale for dozens of OEMs worldwide.

Intel (Mobileye parent) logo

Intel (Mobileye parent)

Parent of Mobileye, providing foundry and strategic resources for autonomous driving silicon.

AD Supply Chain: Who Does What

Where each company sits across the autonomous driving value chain — from chip design through ride-hailing operations. Hover cells for details.
Chip Design
Sensors
Software / AI
Vehicle Integration
Fleet Operations
Ride-hail / Logistics
Chip Design
Sensors
Software / AI
Vehicle Integration
Fleet Operations
Ride-hail / Logistics
Tesla logoTesla
Waymo logoWaymo
NVIDIA logoNVIDIA
Mobileye logoMobileye
Qualcomm logoQualcomm
Baidu Apollo logoBaidu Apollo
Aurora logoAurora
Zoox logoZoox
Hesai logoHesai
Luminar logoLuminar
Pony.ai logoPony.ai
Cruise (GM) logoCruise (GM)
WeRide logoWeRide
DiDi logoDiDi
Uber logoUber
Intel (Mobileye parent) logoIntel (Mobileye parent)
Aptiv logoAptiv
Continental logoContinental
Lucid logoLucid
NIO logoNIO
XPeng logoXPeng
Li Auto logoLi Auto
BYD logoBYD

Solid bars = active in this stage. Faded = notable relationship but not primary business. Hover for details.

Cumulative Driverless Miles (L4)

Cumulative driverless and test miles for L4 autonomous companies (Sources: Waymo/Alphabet filings, Baidu earnings, GM/Cruise disclosures)

Cumulative L4 driverless + test miles. Tesla Robotaxi launched Jun 2025 in Austin & SF (~700K paid miles through Q4 2025). Cruise frozen since Oct 2023. Waymo & Baidu 2025 figures are estimates based on disclosed milestones.

Autonomous Driving R&D Spending

Annual R&D investment in autonomous driving technology, by company (Sources: SEC filings, annual reports)

Waymo uses Alphabet “Other Bets” operating losses as proxy (includes Verily, Wing, etc.). Tesla FSD estimated at ~35% of total R&D (Musk cited $10B+ cumulative FSD compute investment through 2024). Cruise reported by GM; wound down Dec 2024 after $10B+ cumulative spend. Aurora is a pure-play AV company. Baidu Apollo estimated at ~20% of total Baidu R&D. Sources: SEC 10-K filings, company earnings reports, MacroTrends.

ADAS Vision Chip Market Share

Share of the automotive ADAS vision processor market by supplier (Sources: Strategy Analytics, TechInsights)

Estimated 2023 market share for L1/L2 front-camera ADAS vision processors by unit volume. Mobileye dominates with EyeQ chips across 50+ OEMs. NVIDIA and Qualcomm are gaining share in L2+/L3 designs. Sources: TechInsights, Strategy Analytics, company disclosures. Figures are estimates.

Regulatory Permits by Company & Region

Autonomous driving permits and operational approvals across key markets (U.S. states, China cities, EU zones)
CompanyJurisdictionPermit TypeStatusGrantedNotes
Waymo logoWaymo
CaliforniaDriverless Deploymentactive2022-06Full commercial driverless ride-hailing in San Francisco and Los Angeles
Waymo logoWaymo
ArizonaDriverless Commercialactive2020-01315 sq mi service area in Phoenix metro; first US commercial driverless service
Waymo logoWaymo
TexasCommercial Operationsactive2024-03Austin metro; Texas uses self-certification model
Waymo logoWaymo
GeorgiaTesting + Commercialactive2024-06Atlanta metro expansion
Tesla logoTesla
CaliforniaRobotaxi Pilotactive2025-06Approved for paid unsupervised rides in San Francisco peninsula; limited to 100 vehicles
Tesla logoTesla
TexasRobotaxi Commercialactive2025-06Robotaxi launch in Austin; Texas self-certification allows driverless operation without state permits
Cruise (GM) logoCruise (GM)
CaliforniaDriverless Deploymentsuspended2022-06Permit suspended Oct 2023 following pedestrian incident
Zoox (Amazon) logoZoox (Amazon)
CaliforniaDriverless Pilotactive2023-12Driverless testing and pilot operations in Foster City and Las Vegas
Aurora logoAurora
CaliforniaDrivered Pilotactive2023-09Autonomous trucking pilot operations
Aurora logoAurora
TexasDriverless Commercial (Trucking)active2024-04First commercial driverless trucking on Dallas-Houston corridor
Baidu Apollo logoBaidu Apollo
BeijingFully Driverless Commercialactive2022-07First fully driverless commercial permit in China; Yizhuang district
Baidu Apollo logoBaidu Apollo
WuhanFully Driverless Commercialactive2022-08Largest driverless commercial area in China; 500+ sq km
Baidu Apollo logoBaidu Apollo
ChongqingFully Driverless Commercialactive2022-08Concurrent approval with Wuhan for fully driverless rides
Pony.ai logoPony.ai
BeijingFully Driverless Commercialactive2023-11Full driverless commercial permit in Yizhuang
Pony.ai logoPony.ai
ShanghaiDriverless Commercialactive2025-07Only company with driverless permits in all 4 tier-1 Chinese cities
Pony.ai logoPony.ai
GuangzhouCommercial Pilotactive2020-06Early pilot operations with safety driver
WeRide logoWeRide
GuangzhouCommercial Pilotactive2019-12Oldest continuous robotaxi operation in China
WeRide logoWeRide
Abu Dhabi, UAECommercial Testingactive2022-03Public minibus route; first AV commercial deployment in Middle East
WeRide logoWeRide
CaliforniaDrivered + Driverless Pilotactive2024-01Drivered and driverless pilot permits in California
Autonomous Driving - Materials | Sterling